What are the levels of interoperability in clinical informatics?

The correct answer is foundational, syntactic, and semantic, which are recognized as the three primary levels of interoperability in clinical informatics.

Foundational interoperability refers to the basic ability of different systems to exchange data. This level ensures that data can be transferred from one system to another without changes, creating a foundational framework for the systems involved.

Syntactic interoperability focuses on the format and structure of the exchanged data, ensuring that the data is accurately understood by the receiving system. This is crucial for effective communication between systems, as both must adhere to agreed-upon standards for data representation.

Semantic interoperability goes a step further by ensuring that the meaning of the data is preserved and understood in the same way across different systems. This level is essential for enabling effective data sharing and integration, allowing for meaningful analysis and patient care.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately represent the levels of interoperability recognized in clinical informatics, as they refer to different concepts or frameworks not directly tied to how systems interact and exchange health information.